22
" Though one of the greatest love stories in world literature, Anna Karenin is of course not just a novel of adventure. Being deeply concerned with moral matters, Tolstoy was eternally preoccupied with issues of importance to all mankind at all times. Now, there is a moral issue in Anna Karenin, though not the one that a casual reader might read into it. This moral is certainly not that having committed adultery, Anna had to pay for it (which in a certain vague sense can be said to be the moral at the bottom of the barrel in Madame Bovary). Certainly not this, and for obvious reasons: had Anna remained with Karenin and skillfully concealed from the world her affair, she would not have paid for it first with her happiness and then with her life. Anna was not punished for her sin (she might have got away with that) nor for violating the conventions of a society, very temporal as all conventions are and having nothing to do with the eternal demands of morality. What was then the moral "message" Tolstoy has conveyed in his novel? We can understand it better if we look at the rest of the book and draw a comparison between the Lyovin-Kitty story and the Vronski-Anna story. Lyovin's marriage is based on a metaphysical, not only physical, concept of love, on willingness for self-sacrifice, on mutual respect. The Anna-Vronski alliance was founded only in carnal love and therein lay its doom.
It might seem, at first blush, that Anna was punished by society for falling in love with a man who was not her husband.
Now such a "moral" would be of course completely "immoral," and completely inartistic, incidentally, since other ladies of fashion, in that same society, were having as many love-affairs as they liked but having them in secrecy, under a dark veil.
(Remember Emma's blue veil on her ride with Rodolphe and her dark veil in her rendezvous at Rouen with Léon.) But frank unfortunate Anna does not wear this veil of deceit. The decrees of society are temporary ones ; what Tolstoy is interested in are the eternal demands of morality. And now comes the real moral point that he makes: Love cannot be exclusively carnal because then it is egotistic, and being egotistic it destroys instead of creating. It is thus sinful. And in order to make his point as artistically clear as possible, Tolstoy in a flow of extraordinary imagery depicts and places side by side, in vivid contrast, two loves: the carnal love of the Vronski-Anna couple (struggling amid their richly sensual but fateful and spiritually sterile emotions) and on the other hand the authentic, Christian love, as Tolstoy termed it, of the Lyovin-Kitty couple with the riches of sensual nature still there but balanced and harmonious in the pure atmosphere of responsibility, tenderness, truth, and family joys. "
― Vladimir Nabokov , Lectures on Russian Literature
26
" La letteratura, la vera letteratura, non deve essere tracannata come una pozione che può far bene al cuore o al cervello, - il cervello, lo stomaco dell'anima. Bisogna prenderla e farla a pezzetti, smontarla, spiaccicarla - e allora il suo amabile profumo si farà sentire nel cavo del palmo e la sgranocchierete e ve la farete passare sulla lingua con godimento, allora, e solo allora, la sua squisita fragranza potrà essere apprezzata nel suo vero valore e le parti frantumate e schiacciate torneranno a unirsi nella vostra mente e riveleranno la bellezza di un'unità alla quale avrete contribuito con qualcosa del vostro sangue. "
― Vladimir Nabokov , Lectures on Russian Literature
36
" One peculiar feature of Tolstoy's style is what I shall term the "groping purist." In describing a meditation, emotion, or tangible object, Tolstoy follows the contours of the thought, the emotion, or the object until he is perfectly satisfied with his re-creation, his rendering. This involves what we might call creative repetitions, a compact series of repetitive statements, coming one immediately after the other, each more expressive, each closer to Tolstoy's meaning. He gropes, he unwraps the verbal parcel for its inner sense, he peels the apple of the phrase, he tries to say it one way, then a better way, he gropes, he stalls, he toys, he Tolstoys with words. "
― Vladimir Nabokov , Lectures on Russian Literature
37
" Tre specie di mali si possono riconoscere nello strano mondo della trasmigrazione verbale. Il primo, e il minore, consiste di ovvi errori dovuti a ignoranza o a conoscenza mal applicata. È pura fragilità umana e, come tale, scusabile. Il passo successivo verso l’inferno lo fa quel traduttore che salta parole o brani che non vuol prendersi la briga di capire o che potrebbero sembrare oscuri o osceni a lettori confusamente immaginati: accetta senza rimorsi lo sguardo assente che gli rivolge il dizionario; o subordina l’erudizione al perbenismo: è pronto a saperne meno dell’autore come a credere di saperne di più. Il terzo, e il peggiore, livello di turpitudine si raggiunge quando un capolavoro viene spianato e appiattito in una forma tale, spregevolmente abbellito in un modo tale, da conformarsi alle idee e ai preconcetti di un determinato pubblico. Questo è un delitto, che dovrebbe essere punito mettendo in ceppi il reo, come si faceva coi plagiari ai tempi delle scarpe con la fibbia. "
― Vladimir Nabokov , Lectures on Russian Literature
38
" Come la famiglia universale degli scrittori di talento supera le barriere nazionali, così il lettore dotato è una figura universale, non soggetta a leggi spaziali o temporali. È lui - il buon lettore, l'eccellente lettore - che ha salvato più e più volte l'artista dalla distruzione per mano degli imperatori, dei dittatori, dei preti, dei puritani, dei filistei, dei politici, dei poliziotti, dei direttori delle poste e dei pedanti. "
― Vladimir Nabokov , Lectures on Russian Literature
