41
" James’s general position on the difference between the sexes, which was that woman is “by nature inferior to man. She is man’s inferior in passion, his inferior in intellect, and his inferior in physical strength”; she is, very properly, her husband’s “patient and unrepining drudge, his beast of burden, his toilsome ox, his dejected ass, his cook, his tailor, his own cheerful nurse and the sleepless guardian of his children.” But their inferiority, James thought, is precisely what makes women attractive to men, so that any “great development of passion or intellect in woman is sure to prejudice” male attention. “Would any man fancy a woman after the pattern of Daniel Webster?”33 He consequently opposed serious education for women, a doctrine that had disastrous consequences in the case of his youngest child and only daughter, Alice. "
― Louis Menand , The Metaphysical Club
58
" If we are looking for alternative visions of American life in the decades following the Civil War, Homes, James, Peirce, and Dewey are not the figures we would turn to. This has something to do, no doubt with their temperaments and their politics, but it is also a consequence of their attitude toward ideas.
What was that attitude? If we strain out the difference, personal and philosophical, they had with one another, we can say that what these four thinkers had in common was not a group of ideas, but a single idea -- an idea about ideas. They all believed that ideas are not "out there" waiting to be discovered, but are tools -- like forks and knives and microchips -- that people devise to cope with the world in which they find themselves. They believed that ideas are produced not by individuals, but by groups of individuals -- that ideas are social. They believed that ideas do not develop according to some inner logic of their own, but are entirely dependent, like germs, on their human carriers and the environment. And they believed that since ideas are provisional responses to particular and unreproducible circumstances, their survival depends not on their immutability but on their adaptability. "
― Louis Menand , The Metaphysical Club