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41 " By the late eighteenth century, the lowlands of Scotland had developed the most extensive system of educationin "
― Thomas Sowell , Conquests and Cultures: An International History
42 " Quibbles about the fact that some other European explorers touched the hemisphere earlier, or that the Indians knew it was here all along, trivialize this turning point in the history of the world. "
43 " Contrary to various economic theories of imperialism, Africa was not a major outlet for European investment or exports. "
44 " High voter turnout, which some equate with a healthy democracy, has been in Nigeria (and in some other countries) an indication instead of a fever pitch of political polarization. "
45 " massive role of government in the economy has made politics the pre-eminent route to prosperity, as well as power-whether for individuals, tribes, or regions. "
46 " So dominant did the Indians become over vast regions of East Africa that the rupee became the prevailing currency in much of that region. "
47 " the complacency of assured social position dulled the incentives necessary for the arduous task of developing native talents to the fullest. "
48 " Forced labor was one of the most widespread and most deeply resented of the chronic abuses to which conquered Africans were subjected. "
49 " The impact of European conquerors on Africa, for good and evil, was relatively brief as history is measured-about three generations, as compared to the centuries in which the Romans ruled Britain or imperial China ruled parts of southeast Asia or the Moors ruled Spain. "
50 " From the flourishing trade center of Zanzibar, whose leading trade items were ivory and African slaves, the Arabs began to conquer parts of coastal East Africa. "
51 " Much as the withdrawal of Roman rule from Britain led to widespread retrogressions, so in many parts of Africa the departure of the European rulers was followed by technological breakdowns, failing economies, and political chaos. "
52 " Over the centuries, African nations rose and fell, like nations elsewhere around the world, the strong conquering the weak and either subjugating or enslaving those unable to resist. "
53 " In the second Boer war 26,000 Boer women and children perished in British concentration camps. "
54 " An estimated one out of every five Africans is a Nigerian. "
55 " Iron was smelted in what is now Nigeria five centuries before Christ. "
56 " when the monetary value of output per capita in Nigeria is less than 2 percent of that in the United States-and in Tanzania less than 1 percent°~-that clearly cannot all be due to exchange rates. "
57 " Britain's historic decision to ban the international slave trade in the early nineteenth century entailed a large and long-run political and military commitment in West Africa, the source of most transatlantic slave shipments. "
58 " The Islamic jihads of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries created new Moslem states in West Africa, which in turn promoted enslavement on a larger scale.7'Altogether, between 1650 and 1850, at least 5 million slaves were shipped from West Africa alone.74 "
59 " The need for Nigerian clerks and other subordinates to help man the colonial administration required creating a new class of African people with education in the English language, with Westernized concepts, and with experience in Westernized ways of doing things. "
60 " Most of the slaves shipped across the Atlantic were purchased, rather than captured, by Europeans. "