" Jews were emphatically second-class subjects of the Tsar. A Pale of Settlement, outside which Jews were not supposed to reside, had been established by Catherine II in 1791, though it was not precisely delineated until 1835. It consisted of Russian-controlled Poland "

― Niall Ferguson , The Abyss: World War I and the End of the First Age of Globalization-A Selection from The War of the World (Tracks)