" I have previously reduced the whole science of logic to two facts.

The first is that our perceptions being every thing for us, we are
perfectly, completely, and necessarily sure of whatever we actually feel.

The second is that consequently none of our judgments, separately
taken, can be erroneous: inasmuch as we see one idea in another it is
actually there; but their falsity, when it takes place, is purely relative
to anterior judgments, which we permit to subsist; and it consists in
this, that we believe the idea in which we perceive a new element to
be the same as that we have always had under the same sign, when it
is really different, since the new element which we actually see there
is incompatible with some of those which we have previously seen;
so that to avoid contradiction we must either take away the former or
not admit the latter. "

― Antoine Destutt de Tracy , A Treatise on Political Economy